What is the GNM nursing paper?
The GNM nursing paper is an examination that is required for students to graduate from a general nursing and midwifery program in India. The paper covers a wide range of topics in nursing, including nursing foundation, medical-surgical nursing, community health nursing, mental health nursing, obstetrics and gynecological nursing, and pediatric nursing.
Why is the GNM nursing paper important?
The GNM nursing paper is important because it assesses a student’s knowledge and skills in the field of nursing. A passing score on the exam is required for students to receive their nursing license and begin practicing as a registered nurse.
How to use this study outline
This study outline is designed to help you prepare for the GNM nursing paper 2018. The outline covers all of the key concepts and information that you need to know for the exam.
To use the outline, start by reviewing the topics listed under each heading. Then, identify any areas where you need additional study. You can use textbooks, online resources, and other study materials to learn more about these topics.
It is also important to practice answering exam-type questions. You can find practice questions in textbooks, online resources, and from previous GNM nursing papers.
Tips for success on the GNM nursing paper
Here are some tips for success on the GNM nursing paper:
- Start studying early and give yourself plenty of time to prepare.
- Create a study schedule and stick to it.
- Identify your strengths and weaknesses, and focus on studying the areas where you need the most improvement.
- Practice answering exam-type questions.
- Get enough sleep on the night before the exam.
- Eat a healthy breakfast on the morning of the exam.
- Arrive at the exam early and relax.
Nursing Foundation
Basic concepts of nursing
The basic concepts of nursing include the following:
- The nursing process: The nursing process is a systematic approach to nursing care. It consists of five steps: assessment, diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
- The different roles of nurses: Nurses play a variety of roles in healthcare, including providing direct care to patients, educating patients and their families, and advocating for patients.
- The importance of communication and teamwork in nursing: Communication and teamwork are essential for nurses to provide safe and effective care to patients.
- Ethical and legal considerations in nursing: Nurses must be aware of the ethical and legal implications of their actions.
Fundamentals of nursing care
The fundamentals of nursing care include the following:
- Meeting basic human needs: Nurses help patients to meet their basic human needs, such as food, water, shelter, and clothing.
- Providing comfort and safety: Nurses help patients to feel comfortable and safe in the healthcare setting.
- Promoting health and wellness: Nurses educate patients and their families about how to stay healthy and prevent illness.
- Preventing complications: Nurses take steps to prevent complications from occurring in patients.
- Managing care: Nurses coordinate and manage care for patients, including collaborating with other healthcare professionals and developing care plans.
Growth and development
Nurses need to understand the normal growth and development of children and adolescents. This knowledge helps nurses to assess patients for developmental delays and to provide care that is appropriate for the patient’s age and developmental stage.
Nutrition
Nurses need to understand the principles of nutrition and how to provide nutritional support to patients. This knowledge helps nurses to assess patients for nutritional deficiencies and to develop and implement nutritional care plans.
Pharmacology
Nurses need to understand the principles of pharmacology and how to administer medications safely and effectively. This knowledge helps nurses to assess patients for medication allergies and interactions, to calculate and administer medication doses, and to monitor patients for side effects.
Medical-Surgical Nursing
Common medical and surgical conditions
Nurses need to be familiar with the common medical and surgical conditions that they may encounter in their practice. This knowledge helps nurses to assess patients for signs and symptoms of these conditions and to provide appropriate care.
Some common medical and surgical conditions include:
- Cardiovascular disorders: Heart disease, stroke, and high blood pressure
- Respiratory disorders: Asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Gastrointestinal disorders: Peptic ulcers, appendicitis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- Musculoskeletal disorders: Fractures, arthritis, and low back pain
- Neurological disorders: Stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease Nursing care for patients with medical and surgical conditions
Nurses provide a variety of nursing care to patients with medical and surgical conditions. Some of the most common nursing interventions include:
- Monitoring vital signs: Nurses monitor patients’ vital signs (temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure) to assess their overall health status and to identify any early signs of complications.
- Administering medications: Nurses administer medications to patients as prescribed by a physician. Nurses must be familiar with the different types of medications, their side effects, and how to administer them safely and effectively.
- Providing wound care: Nurses provide wound care to patients with surgical wounds or other types of wounds. Wound care includes cleaning and dressing the wound, monitoring for signs of infection, and teaching the patient how to care for the wound at home.
- Providing pain management: Nurses provide pain management to patients with acute or chronic pain. Pain management may include administering medications, providing comfort measures, and teaching the patient pain management techniques.
- Educating patients and their families: Nurses educate patients and their families about their medical condition, their treatment plan, and how to care for themselves at home.
Community Health Nursing
Principles of community health nursing
Community health nursing is a specialty of nursing that focuses on promoting health and preventing illness in communities. Community health nurses work with individuals, families, and groups to assess their health needs and to develop and implement interventions to improve their health.
The principles of community health nursing include:
- A focus on prevention: Community health nurses focus on preventing illness and promoting health in communities. This includes educating the public about health risks and how to stay healthy, and providing immunizations and other preventive services.
- A focus on population health: Community health nurses focus on the health of the entire population, not just individuals. This includes identifying and addressing the health needs of specific populations, such as low-income populations, racial and ethnic minorities, and people with disabilities.
- A focus on social determinants of health: Community health nurses recognize that social determinants of health, such as poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and unhealthy living conditions, have a significant impact on health. Community health nurses work to address these social determinants of health in order to improve the health of the population.
Public health programs and services
Community health nurses work with a variety of public health programs and services. Some of the most common public health programs and services include:
- Immunization programs: Immunization programs provide vaccines to children and adults to protect them from preventable diseases.
- Maternal and child health programs: Maternal and child health programs provide care and support to pregnant women, new mothers, and infants.
- School health programs: School health programs provide health education, screenings, and other services to students.
- Occupational health programs: Occupational health programs promote the safety and health of workers.
- Communicable disease control programs: Communicable disease control programs work to prevent and control the spread of communicable diseases.
Health assessment and promotion
Community health nurses conduct health assessments to identify the health needs of individuals, families, and groups. Community health nurses also promote health by educating the public about health risks and how to stay healthy.
Some of the most common health assessment and promotion activities that community health nurses perform include:
- Blood pressure screenings
- Cholesterol screenings
- Diabetes screenings
- Cancer screenings
- Immunizations
- Health education classes
Disease prevention and control
Community health nurses work to prevent and control diseases in the community. This includes identifying and addressing the risk factors for diseases, and educating the public about how to prevent diseases.
Some of the most common disease prevention and control activities that community health nurses perform include:
- Immunizations
- Health education classes
- Contact tracing
- Case management
Mental Health Nursing
Common mental health disorders
Nurses who work in mental health nursing care for patients with a variety of mental health disorders, including:
- Anxiety disorders: Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive fear and anxiety. Some common anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and phobias.
- Mood disorders: Mood disorders are characterized by changes in mood, such as depression and bipolar disorder.
- Psychotic disorders: Psychotic disorders are characterized by a loss of contact with reality. Some common psychotic disorders include schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
Nursing care for patients with mental health disorders
Nurses who work in mental health nursing provide a variety of nursing care to patients with mental health disorders. Some of the most common nursing interventions include:
- Assessing the patient’s mental health status: Nurses assess the patient’s mental health status by talking to the patient, observing the patient’s behavior, and reviewing the patient’s medical records. Providing emotional support: Nurses provide emotional support to patients with mental health disorders and their families. This may include listening to the patient, talking to the patient about their feelings, and providing guidance and support.
Teaching patients and their families about mental health disorders: Nurses teach patients and their families about mental health disorders, including the signs and symptoms of the disorder, the treatment options available, and how to manage the disorder.
Helping patients to develop coping skills: Nurses help patients to develop coping skills to manage their mental health disorder. This may include relaxation techniques, stress management techniques, and problem-solving skills.
Collaborating with other healthcare professionals: Nurses collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers, to provide comprehensive care to patients with mental health disorders.
Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing
Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system
Nurses who work in obstetrics and gynecological nursing need to have a good understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. This knowledge helps nurses to assess patients for signs and symptoms of abnormalities and to provide appropriate care.
The female reproductive system consists of the following organs:
- Ovaries: The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
- Fallopian tubes: The fallopian tubes carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.
- Uterus: The uterus is a muscular organ that nourishes and protects a developing fetus.
- Cervix: The cervix is the opening of the uterus.
- Vagina: The vagina is a muscular canal that leads from the cervix to the outside of the body.
Pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum care
Nurses who work in obstetrics and gynecological nursing provide care to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.
Pregnancy care: Pregnancy care includes monitoring the woman’s health and the health of the fetus, providing education about pregnancy and childbirth, and preparing the woman for childbirth.
Childbirth care: Childbirth care includes assisting the woman during labor and delivery, monitoring the woman’s health and the health of the newborn, and providing support to the woman and her family.
Postpartum care: Postpartum care includes monitoring the woman’s and newborn’s health, providing education about postpartum care, and supporting the woman and her family as they adjust to life with a new baby.
Common obstetric and gynecological disorders
Nurses who work in obstetrics and gynecological nursing care for women with a variety of obstetric and gynecological disorders, including:
- Pregnancy complications: Pregnancy complications include miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia.
- Gynecological disorders: Gynecological disorders include menstrual disorders, fibroids, endometriosis, and ovarian cancer.
Medications and treatments
Nurses who work in obstetrics and gynecological nursing administer medications and treatments to women with a variety of obstetric and gynecological conditions. Some of the most common medications and treatments that nurses in this specialty administer include:
- Prenatal vitamins: Prenatal vitamins are given to pregnant women to ensure that they are getting the nutrients they and their baby need.
- Labor induction medications: Labor induction medications are used to start labor in women who are overdue or who have other medical conditions.
- Pain medications: Pain medications are given to women to relieve pain during labor and childbirth.
- Antibiotic medications: Antibiotic medications are given to women to treat infections, such as urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted infections.
- Hormonal medications: Hormonal medications are given to women to treat a variety of gynecological disorders, such as menstrual disorders and endometriosis.
Pediatric Nursing
Anatomy and physiology of the child
Nurses who work in pediatric nursing need to have a good understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the child. This knowledge helps nurses to assess children for signs and symptoms of abnormalities and to provide appropriate care.
The anatomy and physiology of the child is constantly changing as the child grows and develops. Nurses who work in pediatric nursing need to be familiar with the normal growth and development of children at all ages.
Growth and development of the child
Nurses who work in pediatric nursing need to understand the normal growth and development of children. This knowledge helps nurses to assess children for developmental delays and to provide care that is appropriate for the child’s age and developmental stage.
Some of the key milestones in child development include:
- Newborn: Newborns can suckle, root, and swallow. They can also follow objects with their eyes.
- Infant: Infants can roll over, sit up, and crawl. They can also babble and make other sounds.
- Toddler: Toddlers can walk, talk, and feed themselves. They are also starting to learn to play and interact with others.
